Humans

Organisation of a tuberculosis prevalence survey

Measuring tuberculosis (TB) prevalence trends provides information on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. The World Health Organization recently published guidelines on assessing TB prevalence through population-based surveys. The …

Tuberculosis prevalence surveys: rationale and cost

This article is the first of the educational series 'Assessing tuberculosis (TB) prevalence through population-based surveys'. The series will give overall guidance in conducting cross-sectional surveys of pulmonary TB (PTB) disease. TB prevalence …

Measuring tuberculosis burden, trends, and the impact of control programmes

The targets for tuberculosis control, framed within the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, are to ensure that the incidence per head of tuberculosis is falling by 2015, and that the 1990 prevalence and mortality per head are halved by …

Determination of Clinically Relevant Cutoffs for HIV-1 Phenotypic Resistance Estimates Through a Combined Analysis of Clinical Trial and Cohort Data

BACKGROUND:: Clinically relevant cutoffs are needed for the interpretation of HIV-1 phenotypic resistance estimates as predicted by ''virtual'' phenotype HIV resistance analysis. METHODS:: Using a clinical data set containing 2596 treatment change …

[Estimation of the incidence of tuberculosis in The Netherlands in 2030]

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in 2030 for the purpose of planning future TB control. DESIGN: Statistical modelling in 5-year intervals until 2030. METHOD: The number of Dutch TB cases infected by a Dutch source was …

Prevalence of tuberculous infection and incidence of tuberculosis: a re-assessment of the Styblo rule

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of the fixed mathematical relationship between the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI), the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) and the incidence of smear-positive TB specified as the Styblo …

Methodological standards in non-inferiority AIDS trials: moving from adherence to compliance: response

Epstein-Barr virus infects B and non-B lymphocytes in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread, persistent herpesvirus that can transform B cells and that is associated with malignant lymphomas. EBV dynamics and specific immunity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children are unknown. We …

Plasma lipid concentrations after 1.5 years of exposure to nevirapine or efavirenz together with stavudine and lamivudine

OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term changes in lipids and lipoproteins concentrations associated with exposure to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. METHODS: Long-term analysis of plasma lipid concentrations was performed in patients …

[The use of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz in the treatment of patients with a chronic HIV-I infection]

The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are an important group ofantiretroviral drugs in the treatment of a chronic HIV-I infection. The risk of viral resistance to NNRTIs is strongly diminished when they are used as part of a …